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Cassava
''Manihot esculenta'', with common names cassava (),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy )〕 Brazilian arrowroot,〔 manioc,〔 and tapioca,〔 is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Though it is sometimes called yuca in Spanish, it differs from the yucca, an unrelated fruit-bearing shrub in the family Asparagaceae. Cassava, when dried to a powdery (or pearly) extract, is called tapioca; its fermented, flaky version is named garri.
Cassava is the third largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations )〕 Cassava is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations )〕 It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. Nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava, while Thailand is the largest exporter of dried cassava.
Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter. Like other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain antinutritional factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts.〔Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition", Rome, 1990, Ch. 7 "Toxic substances and antinutritional factors", third paragraph. Document available online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents. Ch. 7 appears at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity. (Accessed 25 June 2011.)〕 They must be properly prepared before consumption, as improper preparation of cassava can leave enough residual cyanide to cause acute cyanide intoxication, goiters, and even ataxia or partial paralysis.〔Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ''Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition'', Rome, 1990, Ch. 7 "Toxic substances and antinutritional factors". Document available online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents. Ch. 7 appears at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity. (Accessed 25 June 2011.)〕 The more toxic varieties of cassava are a fall-back resource (a "food security crop") in times of famine in some places.〔Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ''Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition'', Rome, 1990, Ch. 7 "Toxic substances and antinutritional factors" (under "Epidemic spastic paraparesis"). Document available online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents. Ch. 7 appears at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity. (Accessed 25 June 2011.〕 Farmers often prefer the bitter varieties because they deter pests, animals, and thieves.〔Linley Chiwona-Karltun, Chrissie Katundu, James Ngoma, Felistus Chipungu, Jonathan Mkumbira, Sidney Simukoko, Janice Jiggins (2002) 'Bitter cassava and women: an intriguing response to food security', ''LEISA Magazine'', volume 18 Issue 4. (Online version ) accessed on 2009-08-11.〕
==Description==
The cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm, homogeneous flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1 mm thick, rough and brown on the outside. Commercial varieties can be in diameter at the top, and around long. A woody vascular bundle runs along the root's axis. The flesh can be chalk-white or yellowish. Cassava roots are very rich in starch and contain significant amounts of calcium (50 mg/100g), phosphorus (40 mg/100g) and vitamin C (25 mg/100g). However, they are poor in protein and other nutrients. In contrast, cassava leaves are a good source of protein (rich in lysine) but deficient in the amino acid methionine and possibly tryptophan.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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